Ko ēhea ngā awa e tika ana mō te tāuta i ngā tāpine wai? Me pēhea te whiriwhiri?

Mena he awaawa, he awa rānei e rere tonu ana i tō kāinga, tera pea he teihana hiko kāinga pea. Ki te whakatauritea ki te pūngao rā me te hau, ko te painga nui o te hiko wai ko tōna pumau: mena kei te rere te wai, ka taea e ia te whakaputa hiko i te rā katoa, me te kore e pāngia e te roa o te rā me ngā āhuatanga o te rangi. Ka taea e te haumitanga kotahi te whakaputa i ngā tau maha o ngā hokinga mai.

Heoi, kāore e pai ana ngā awa katoa mō te tāuta i ngā tāpine wai. Ko te āheinga ki te tāuta i tētahi tāpine wai, te rahi me te momo hei whiriwhiri, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tawhā matua e rua.

Ngā Take e Rua e Whakatau ana i te Kaha Whakaputa Hiko

Ahakoa te waitohu, te tauira rānei, ko te kaha whakaputa hiko o te tāpine wai e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tawhā e rua anake:

Upoko: Ko te hekenga poutū mai i te pūwāhi whakauru ki te pūwāhi tāutanga o te tāpine wai, e inehia ana i roto i ngā mita (m). Ka nui ake te hekenga, ka teitei ake te pēhanga wai.

Rere: Ko te rōrahi o te wai e rere ana i roto i ia wā, e inehia ana i roto i ngā mita pūtoru ia hekona (m³/s) me ngā rita ia hekona (L/s). 1 mita pūtoru ia hekona = 1000 L/s.

Ka taea te whakatau tata i te mana putanga mā te whakamahi i te tātai māmā e whai ake nei:

Mana (kW) ≈ 9.8 * Upoko Wai (m) * Tere Rere (m³/s) * Whai Hua

Ko te whai huatanga ka whakatakotoria i te 0.6 - 0.7, kua whakaarohia hoki ngā ngaronga o te pūtēte wai me ngā ngaronga waku o te paipa wai.

Hei tauira: me te hohonu o te wai he 20m, me te tere rere o te 0.05 mita pūtoru ia hekona (50L/s). Ko te mana whakaputa e matapaetia ana he tata ki te 9.8 * 20 * 0.05 * 0.65 ≈ 6.4 kirowati, he rawaka tēnei hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia hiko o ngā rama whare, ngā pouaka whakamātao, ngā pouaka whakaata me ngā papu wai.

E ai ki te tauira, ki te iti rawa te upoko wai, te tere rere rānei, ka tino heke te mana whakaputa. Koia te take ahakoa te tere o te rere o te wai, i muri i te tatau, he torutoru rau watts anake te mana ka taea te whakaputa.

Ngā Take Whaihua e Toru

I tēnei rā, e hiahia ana mātou ki te tohatoha atu ki a koutou ētahi otinga tūturu mō ā mātou kiritaki hou, hei tohutoro māu i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i te tāpine wai.

1. He nui te puna wai, engari he kuiti te paipa

I whakatata mai tētahi kaihoko ki a mātou ki te pātai mō tētahi tāpine wai 5kw. I kī mai ia he 30m te roa o te wai. Me whiwhi tonu mātou i ngā raraunga tūturu pēnei i te tere rere hei whakarato i tētahi otinga ki a ia. Whai muri i ētahi atu pātai, i kitea kua whakatakotoria e ia te paipa wai, mā te whakamahi i tētahi paipa DN50 me te diameter o roto o te 50mm, engari ko te tere rere i inehia he 3L/s noa iho.

I whakamahia e mātou te tātaitanga: 9.8 * 30 * 0.003 * 0.65, ā, i tatauhia ko te mana tata ki te 500w, he whakatekau noa iho tēnei o te 5kw e hiahiatia ana e ia.

Ehara i te pane wai te mea e whakawhāiti ana, engari ko te whānui o te paipa. Mēnā he whaiti te paipa, ka tere ake te rere o te wai, ā, mēnā he nui ake te ngaronga o te waku i te roanga o te paipa, ka iti ake te pēhanga ina tae te wai ki te tāpine wai. Ka warewarehia tēnei āhuatanga nā te mea ko ngā raraunga pane wai whakamiharo e whakaatu ana kua whakamanahia te mana whakaputa.

E rua ngā kōwhiringa i tukuna atu e mātou ki a ia: Ko te kōwhiringa tuatahi ko te tāuta i tētahi paipa pēhanga nui ake te whānui, me te arotake anō i te pūwāhi whakauru wai hei whakanui ake i te tere rere, kia mau ai te putanga hiko e hiahiatia ana e te kiritaki. Heoi, mā tēnei kōwhiringa ka hiahiatia te wetewete i ngā paipa kua tāuta kētia e te kiritaki, ā, ka nui te mahi hanga. Ko tētahi atu kōwhiringa ko te tīpako i tētahi tāpine wai moroiti me te mana mai i te 500w ki te 1kw i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te papa me ngā paipa kua tāuta kētia.

2. Te Upoko Wai Waenga, te momo Tāpine Wai e whakatau ana i te putanga whakamutunga

Ko tētahi atu pātai a te kiritaki he whakamahi i tētahi tāpine wai hei whakakaha i ngā whare noho me ngā roto ika. Ko te mana i whaihia he 10-15kw, toru-wāhanga, 50 hertz, ā, ko te hohonu o te wai o te papa he 15m.

I te tīmatanga i pātai te kiritaki mō te waeine tāwhana wai piko. Heoi, i te māramatanga ki ngā āhuatanga tāutanga a te kiritaki, i kitea e mātou he raruraru: i te 15m te hohonu o te wai, ko te mana mōrahi o te waeine tāwhana piko he 5kw, ā, me 30m te hohonu o te wai mō te 10kw. Kāore i taea e te wāhi tāutanga a te kiritaki te whakatutuki i tēnei whakaritenga, nō reira me whiriwhiri tētahi atu momo tāwhana wai.

Te tāwhana wai rere-whakaranu he tino pai mō ngā hiahia tūturu o te kiritaki. I whakamahia te tauira 10kw mō te awhe o te pane wai mai i te 10 ki te 25m, ā, ko te whānui o te paipa momi i tūtohutia he 200mm, he tata tino ōrite ki ngā āhuatanga o tana wāhi mahi.

Nō reira, kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i te tāpine wai i runga i te mana kua whakatauria anake; me tirotiro tuatahi te awhe o te upoko wai e pā ana ki taua mana kua whakatauria.

3. E tata ana te Upoko Wai ki te Kore

I whakaahua te tuatoru o ngā kiritaki i tētahi awa iti e rere ana i roto i tōna whenua. He puhoi te rere o te wai, ā, he iti noa te maturuturunga iho. I pātai ia mēnā ka taea te tāuta i tētahi tāpine wai. Tuatahi, me whakamārama te tikanga tūturu o te "kore-pūngao wai": Kāore rawa he pūngao wai, he torutoru henimita rānei te rerekētanga teitei kāore e kitea? I te hikoi i te taha o te awa mai i te awa whakarunga ki te awa whakararo, ka kitea ētahi rerekētanga teitei.

Mena ka whakaatuhia e ngā hua ine he iti iho i te 0.5m te maturuturunga iho, ā, he iti iho i te 0.5m/s te tere rere, kāore mātou e tūtohu kia tāutahia he tāpine wai, nā te mea kāore e whai hua te tāutanga o tētahi tāpine kāore e taea te whakatutuki i te putanga e tumanakohia ana mō tētahi taha. I tēnei take, e rua ngā otinga whai hua: ka taea te hanga i tētahi pā iti hei hanga i tētahi maturuturunga iho iti, ka taea ai te hanga i ētahi āhuatanga o te pane wai. Ko tētahi atu kōwhiringa ko te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o te rā o te rohe, me te whakaaro ki te huri ki tētahi pūnaha rā.

Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ki te whakatau mēnā he pai te awa mō te whakaputa hiko, ko te ine i te nui o te wai me te tere o te rere. Mena kei te hiahia koe ki te whakamahi i ngā awaawa tata, i ngā awa rānei mō te whakamahere hiko wai, tēnā whakapā mai ki a mātou kia whiwhi ai i tētahi otinga ritenga.